Jiaxiang County Livestock Husbandry Joint Development Center: http:// With the continuous expansion of the scale of animal husbandry production and the continuous increase in intensification, a large amount of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, skatole, trimethylammonium and other malodorous gases and nitrogen and phosphorus in excreta, etc., have been generated during the livestock production process. Heavy metals, etc., have caused serious environmental pollution; at the same time, with the continuous development of the economy and the gradual improvement of people’s quality of life, not only foods are required to be rich in nutrition, health and safety, but also a good environment for the entire production process. Therefore, the preparation of ecological nutrient feeds and the reduction of environmental pollution in animal husbandry have become an effective measure to promote the sustainable development of livestock husbandry and fundamentally control the pollution of livestock husbandry. 1 The proposal of ecological feed The environmental pollution caused by animal husbandry production mainly comes from the excreta of livestock and poultry, and the residue of hazardous substances in foods. The root cause is the feed. For livestock breeders and feed producers to maximize the performance of livestock and poultry, they often intentionally increase the concentration of dietary protein in feed formulation, resulting in increased excretion of nitrogen in the excreta; the lack of attention to mineral elements and trace elements in feed. The accumulation of poisonous and harmful substances in livestock and poultry and the discharge of imperfectly digested substances result in excessive residues of harmful substances in livestock and poultry, endangering human health. After the discharge of phosphorus, copper, arsenic, zinc and drug additives, the pollution of water and soil is caused. Deteriorated people's living environment. With the deepening of animal nutrition research and the continuous improvement of human environmental protection awareness, addressing the pollution of livestock and poultry products and reducing the pollution of livestock and poultry have been mentioned on the agenda. Ecological feed is the use of ecological nutrition theory and methods, focusing on the pollution of livestock and poultry products and reducing the pollution of livestock and poultry and other issues, from the purchase of raw materials, formula design, processing and feeding and other processes to carry out strict quality control, and implement animal nutrition regulation In order to control the possible pollution of livestock and poultry products and the environment, the feed can achieve low cost, high efficiency, and low pollution. 2 Preparation of ecological feed 2.1 Reasonable choice of raw materials Feed ingredients are the basis of processed feeds. The first step in selecting raw materials is to ensure that 90% of the raw materials come from certified green food products and their by-products. Others can be products that meet the green food standards. Second, pay attention to the high purchasing and digestibility. Variation of small raw materials. It has been determined that the selection of feeds with high digestibility can at least reduce the excretion of 5% nitrogen in the excreta. Again, it is necessary to pay attention to the selection of feeds with low toxic and harmful ingredients and high safety so as to reduce the environmental pollution after the toxic and harmful components are accumulated and discharged in livestock and poultry. 2.2 Feed Precision Processing The precision of feed processing has a great influence on the digestion and absorption of livestock and poultry. Different livestock and poultry require different feed processing requirements. Li Defa (1994) reported that the feed conversion rate of pigs was the highest between 700 μm and 800 μm. The use of puffing and granulation processing techniques can destroy and inhibit anti-nutritional factors, toxic and harmful substances and microorganisms in feed, improve feed hygiene, increase the digestibility of nutrients, and reduce the dry matter discharged from the manure by one-third. 2.3 Formulation of amino acid balance diet The amino acid balanced diet refers to the diet formulated according to the "ideal protein model." That is, diets with amino acid levels that are compatible with animal amino acid levels. According to reports, on the basis of meeting the needs of effective amino acids, the protein level of the diet can be appropriately reduced. According to research data, the excrement of livestock and poultry, the excretion of contaminants from the housing, waste, and harmful gases are all related to the components of the diet of livestock and poultry. When the protein content in the pig diet was reduced by 1%, the nitrogen output was reduced by 8.4%. If the crude protein content in the diet is reduced from 18% to 15%, nitrogen emissions can be reduced by 25%. If the protein in the diet of the chicken is reduced by 2%, the nitrogen excretion in the feces can be reduced by 20%. Fecal contamination odor is mainly caused by the corruption of protein, which is caused by incomplete absorption of nutrients in the diet. If the dietary protein digestibility is increased or the protein supply of the diet is reduced, the generation of malodorous substances will be greatly reduced. This can not only save protein resources, but also is an important measure to fundamentally reduce the nitrogen pollution of livestock and poultry manure. 2.4 Formulating diets based on livestock and poultry breeds and their different growth stages The nutritional needs of animals differ greatly in their different growth stages. The nutrient needs of each stage of the animal's environment and the utilization rate of each nutrient should be accurately estimated as far as possible in the production, and diets with a nutritional level that is basically consistent with animal physiological needs should be designed. This is the key to reducing nutrient consumption and reducing environmental pollution. Many research reports in recent years have shown that formulating diets based on different ages, physiological functions, and environmental changes in livestock and poultry can effectively reduce nitrogen and phosphorus emissions. Amino acids need to be different depending on the age and physiological state of livestock and poultry. To minimize the loss of nitrogen, the supply of amino acids must be constantly adjusted. For feeding pigs, the implementation of stage feeding is beneficial to reduce nitrogen excretion. The pregnant sows need much less nitrogen than lactating sows. Reconstitution of the diet during pregnancy can reduce nitrogen compared to using the same diet. Emissions 15%-20% without affecting reproductive performance. 3 Rational use of feed additives Adding enzyme preparations, acidifying agents, probiotics, yucca extracts, oligosaccharides, and Chinese herbal medicine additives to the diet can better maintain the intestinal flora balance of livestock and poultry, increase feed digestibility, and reduce environmental pollution. 3.1 Addition of the enzyme preparations to pigs by Officerh and Batterham (1992) showed that the apparent digestibility of proteins and essential amino acids in pig ileum increased by 9%-12% after addition of microbial phytase. Studies on broilers also showed that the addition of phytase to the diet can save 1% of protein and reduce nitrogen excretion by 10% without affecting its performance and carcass quality. At the same time, the addition of microbial phytase can reduce fecal phosphorus excretion by 50%, while the reduction in exogenous phosphorus or feed conversion can only be reduced by 10% (Simous and Versteegh, 1990). Lei et al. (1993) showed that the addition of 750 U/kg phytase to the weaned pig corn-soybean meal diet showed a linear increase in phytase utilization and a 42% reduction in fecal phosphorus excretion. Addition of β-glucanase and xylanase to basal diets of (wheat or barley) for poultry, piglets or grow-finishing pigs can reduce stickies produced by non-starch polysaccharides and increase energy, phosphorus and amino acid utilization. . 3.2 Add acidifier Acidifier is mainly used for piglets. Adding 1%-2% citric acid and fumaric acid to the weaned pig diet can improve feed utilization efficiency by 5%-10%, increase weight gain by 4%-7%, and reduce piglet diarrhea by 20%-50%. The effect of adding acid to the diet of piglets is related to the type, amount and type of acidifier. The suitable addition amount of fumaric acid is 2%-3% of diet, and 1% of citric acid, while the compound acidifier based on lactic acid is generally added 0.1%-0.3%. From the type of diet, the effect of acidification of whole plant-based diets is better than that of animals containing large amounts of animal feed. The addition of acidifiers to broiler and calf diets also has a role in improving feed utilization, reducing environmental pollution, and promoting animal health and growth. 3.3 Add Probiotics When the activity of harmful bacteria such as E. coli increases in the intestinal tract of animals, it will cause the protein to be converted into ammonia, amines and other harmful substances or gases, and probiotics can reduce excessive production of ammonia and other putrefactive substances and reduce the content of intestinal contents. The content of ammonia in the matter and feces reduces the content of cresols, quinones, skatole, etc. in the intestinal contents, thereby reducing the odor of the feces. The aminated oxidase produced by Bacillus in the large intestine and enzymes that decompose sulfides can completely oxidize the odorous quinone compounds to odourless, non-toxic, non-polluting substances. At the same time, Bacillus can also reduce the concentration of blood ammonia in animals. In addition, the addition of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus faecalis to the feed can reduce the ammonia emissions of the animals, purify the air in the homes, reduce the nitrogen content in the excreta and reduce the pollution to the environment. 3.4 Adding Yucca Extract In 1982, U.S. researchers determined that the active ingredients in Yucca extract can limit the production of ammonia in the feces and increase the decomposition rate of organic matter, which can reduce the concentration of ammonia in the air in livestock houses and achieve Stink effect. The latest research shows that this extract has two active ingredients, one can be combined with ammonia, and the other can be combined with hydrogen sulfide, methyl hydrazine and other toxic and harmful gases, and thus have the effect of controlling the odor of livestock and poultry excrement. At the same time, it can also cooperate with the intestinal micro-organisms to decompose the feed, improve the intestinal digestive function, promote the absorption of nutrients, and can inhibit the activity of microbial urease, thereby inhibiting the decomposition of urea and reducing the excrement in livestock and poultry 40% -50% of ammonia. 3.5 Adding fluorspar, calcium compounds, etc. Fluorite is a natural mineral deodorant, there are many holes inside, can produce a strong electrostatic adsorption. Adding to the feed or covering the surface of the feces and poultry houses, or as a carrier for mineral additives, can reduce the temperature and ammonia concentration in the livestock house. At the same time, it can exchange and adsorb some radioactive elements and heavy metal elements, and it also has a strong adsorption effect on harmful gases such as digestive tract ammonia gas and hydrogen sulfide in livestock and poultry. If 5% of fluorspar is added to the pig diet, the ammonia content in the excrement can be reduced by 21%. In addition, the addition of calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, and calcium benzoate to the diet of livestock and poultry can also reduce the pH of the feces, thereby reducing the volatilization of ammonia gas. 3.6 Addition of oligosaccharides The oligosaccharides currently studied by the animal nutrition community are all functional oligosaccharides, which are an animal microecological regulator and an immunopotentiator. In recent years, studies abroad have shown that oligosaccharides are similar to antibiotics, but have the characteristics of no pollution, no residues, and powerful functions. Therefore, oligosaccharides have become one of the hot spots for the research and development of new ecological nutrient feed additives in animal nutrition circles, and they are replacing antibiotics. Ideal ecological nutrient feed additive. It can promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the hindgut of animals and improve the health of animals. Through promoting the excretion of harmful bacteria and activating animal-specific immunity, it can improve the overall immune function of livestock and poultry and effectively prevent the occurrence of livestock and poultry diseases. 3.7 Chinese Herbal Additives Herbal supplements are led by traditional Chinese medicine theories of natural Chinese herbal medicine (yin, yang, warm, cold), taste (acid, sweet, bitter, spicy, salty), and inter-substance relationships, supplemented by animal husbandry and Feed Industry A pure natural green feed additive made from more modern scientific theory and technology. Chinese herbal medicine is a pure natural material and has the characteristics of being homologous, homogenous, and similar to food. It is an ideal eco-nutrient feed additive for the feed industry. It can improve metabolism, promote growth and development, improve immune function, and prevent and treat diseases. Livestock and poultry diseases and other aspects. Such as leaves, garlic, Atractylodes, etc., can not only promote the growth and development of livestock and poultry, but also improve the utilization of livestock and poultry feed. Jiaxiang County Livestock Husbandry Joint Development Center: http://
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